By 2050, the earth’ s population is expected to be more than 9 billion. The need for secure food and water supply will force agriculture to increase production. The major greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the live-stock sector are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) throughout the production process. These gases are the key contributor to an increasing earth’ s surface temperature. Global warming occurs as a result of gases emitted by humans into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect. The live-stock sector contributes between 25 and 40% of anthropogenic methane emissions. Human-derived animal production contributes to global warming by producing 9% of CO2 emissions, 35-40% of CH4, and 65% of N2O gas emissions. Carbon footprint is a measure of the damage that human activities cause to the envi-ronment in terms of the amount of GHGs produced as a unit of CO2. The most common method used in carbon footprint calculations is the Tier 1-2-3 approach developed by the intergovernmental panel on cli-mate change (IPCC). In this study, the carbon footprint of a dairy sheep farm in Niğ de province was calcu-lated using Tier 1 method to determine global warming potential. The carbon footprint of this farm from both sources like N20 and CH4 was 85535. 2 CO2eq year-1. The estimation of GHGs is very obligatory to evaluate global warming stress and avoidance from some fatal diseases.

The current study investigated the feasibility of renewable energy harvesting to meet the energy need of a dairy farm in Shahroud, Iran. Therefore, considering the available renewable resources including solar, wind, and biomass in the site and the electrical demand of the farm, the techno-economic and environmental analyses were carried out. By using Homer software, the optimized system was selected. It was shown that although there was wind potential within the farm site, the most economical system would be a system consisting of a 100 kW biomass power plant and a 169 kW PV plant. Furthermore, by using RETScreen software, the economic and environmental analyses for the selected system were carried out. The simple and equity paybacks were 5. 8 and 4. 2 years for the proposed system, which confirmed the economic feasibility of the proposed system. Moreover, the gross annual GHG emission would be reduced by 91. 5 %. The technoeconomic and environmental analyses conducted in the current paper confirmed that the proposed system could be easily extended for other dairy farms, which resulted in a significant increase in the energy ratio of the dairy farms.

This study was carried out to evaluate effect of some blood elements and metabolites on repeated breeding in dairy cows. Blood samples (n=62) were taken from both healthy and repeated breeding cows. Then, the concentrations of glucose, urea, total protein, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol and triglyceride were measured with spectrophotometer and of insulin and progesterone hormones with ELISA. Two statistical models were used in this study: in the first model, using GLM procedure, the effects of status, parity, breeding season and milk records in sampling month (as covariate) on measured blood metabolites and hormones. The results indicated that breeding status of animal had significant effect (P<0.01) on blood phosphorus and insulin and breeding season had highly significant effect (P<0.01) on blood's phosphorus, total protein and insulin while had significant effect (P<0.05) on calcium and progesterone. Parity had significant effect (P<0.05) on blood's urea only. Milk records in sampling month had no any significant effects on any of the metabolites and hormones. In the second model, the logistic regression was used to find any relationship between animal's status with measured variables. The results showed that blood insulin concentration had significant effect (P<0.01) only. It can be conclude that with one unit increase in insulin concentration, probability ratio of healthy to diseased animals increased by 4.1021 units.

This study introduces an energy superstructure for waste management in a large-scale farm. It selects the optimal technologies by optimizing the productivity factor and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission functions. The optimization results show that the optimal solution to maximize the efficiency factor is to use a biogas engine that produces a significant amount of 1695.825 GWh of electricity and 1893.11 GWh of heat in a year. Also, one of the advantages of this scenario is that it is economical and has a good return on investment, which attracts investors to it. On the other hand, the optimal solution to minimize GHG emissions do by using combined heat and power based on gas turbine and carbon capture storage; this scenario emits 114.585 Kton of carbon dioxide per year. It is worth noting that this amount, based on waste management, as well as electricity and heat production, reveals the high value of bioenergy potential.

This research was planned to survey the importance and effectiveness of factors influence the total milk production in holstein dairy cattle.For this purpose the records were collected from Palahang dairy farm.Effective factors were chosen as independent variable in final statistical model based on highest significant levels. The selected factors includes; sire effects, effect of dams in each sire group, months and year of calving, lactation numbers, days open and duration of dry periods. Derivation from regression equation related to milk production of the two independent variables including days open and days dry were calculated. The best classes turned out to be 110-120 and 38-70 days respectively.

This report is on infestation with Chorioptes bovis of Holstein cattle on a dairy farm included 900 cows in Tabriz. Ten heifers and 25 milking cows under the age of 5 years were infested. Clinical signs consisted of alopecia, crusts, ulcerations and superficial skin fissures. Pruritus and itching were severe in all cases. Lesions were present around the base of the tail, on the neck and below the knee. Skin scrapings were examined and eggs, larvae, nymphs and adult mites were recovered. The infested animals were separated from others and treated three times at weekly intervals with 0.05% solution of sebacil. Signs of improvement were observed after the final treatment.